Notes for Housing Segregation in Bandstand's Backyard
[i] On white homeowners groups, see Arnold Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago, 1953-1966,” Journal of American History, 82 (September, 1995), 522-550; Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis, 210-229; Abrams, Forbidden Neighbors, 181-190; Herman Long and Charles Johnson, People vs. Property?: Race Restrictive Covenants in Housing (Nashville: Fisk University Press, 1947), 39-55; 73-85.
[ii] Luigi Laurenti, Property Values and Race: Studies in Seven Cities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 184.
[iii] Angora Civic Association (ACA), “To Residents of This Section of West Phila.,” March 1955, Fellowship Commission (FC) collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, Temple University Urban Archives (TUUA).
[iv] ACA, “Do you like your home?,” November 18, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[v] ACA, “Help!! Help!!,” May 19, 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[vi] West Philadelphia Fellowship Commission, “Angora Civic Association Meeting,” May 19, 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[vii] Mary Constantine, “Memo re: Angora Civic Association,” [n.d., ca. 1954], FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[viii] Mary Constantine, “Memo re: Angora Civic Association.”
[ix] Angora Civic Association, “Help!! Help!!”
[x] James Wolfinger, Philadelphia Divided: Race & Politics in the City of Brotherly Love (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 170-1.
[xi] Ibid., 188.
[xii] West Philadelphia Fellowship Commission, “Angora Civic Association,” November 18, 1954, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[xiii] Freund, Colored Property, 337.
[xiv] Daniel Martinez HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 20-21.
[xv] Ibid.
[xvi] Ibid.
[xvii] On the practices of blockbusting real estate agents, see Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis, 194-197.
[xviii] “Go West Young Man,” The Philadelphia Tribune, September 9, 1952; “Race Realty” and “West Phila. Specials,” The Philadelphia Tribune, July 5, 1952.
[xix] Historians of blockbusting note that brokers who accelerated racial change were cast as scapegoats of the “legitimate” real estate industry, but could not have functioned with the industry’s commitment to maintaining segregated housing markets. On blockbusting, see W. Edward Orser, Blockbusting in Baltimore: The Edmondson Village Story (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1994); Kevin Fox Gotham, Race, Real Estate, and Uneven Development: The Kansas City Experience, 1900-2000 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), 91-119; Satter, Family Properties, 111-116.
[xx] “Let’s All Pull Together,” November 8, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA. On the Fellowship Commission and CHR’s attempts to reach out to the homeowner groups, see Dennis Clark, memo to Maurice Fagan, December 16, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA; Anna McGarry, letter to Mary Constantine, November 30, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA; Rev. Donald Ottinger, letter to Arthur Cooper, November 1, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA.
[xxi] Fellowship Commission, Committee on Community Tensions meeting minutes, January 12, 1955, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Philadelphia branch (NAACP) collection, URB 6, box 4, folder 104, TUUA; Fagan, letter to Nicholas Petrella, February 2, 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA.
[xxii] On this effort, see CHR, “What to Do Kits: A program for leaders in changing neighborhoods,” 1958, CHR collection, Box A-620, folder 148.4, PCA. On the CHR’s failed neighborhood stabilization plan, see Countryman, Up South, 71-75.
[xxiii] Fellowship Commission, Report to the Community, October 1952, FC collection, Acc 626, box 53, folder 9, TUUA; Fellowship Commission, Report to the Community, May 1953, FC collection, Acc 626, box 53, folder 10, TUUA.
[xxiv] “Tensions Committee Notes Rise in Biased Groups,” Fellowship Commission, Report to the Community, January 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 53, folder 12, TUUA.
[xxv] Fellowship Commission, Report to the Community, February 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 53, folder 12, TUUA.
[xxvi] Countryman, Up South, 92-95.
[xxvii] Satter, Family Properties, 136-141.
[xxviii] Wolfinger, Philadelphia Divided, 7.
[xxix] Thomas Edsall and Mary Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 139.
[xxx] Self, American Babylon, 168.
[xxxi] Phil Ethington, “Segregated Diversity: Race-Ethnicity, Space, and Political Fragmentation in Los Angeles County, 1940-1994,” Final Report to the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation (September 13, 2000), 43.
[xxxii] Oliver Williams, et al., Suburban Differences and Metropolitan Policies: A Philadelphia Story (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965), 217-19. Survey cited in Michael Danielson, The Politics of Exclusion (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 28; and Sheryll Cashin, The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class are Undermining the American Dream (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 265
[xxxiii] Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 99.
[xxxiv] George Lipstiz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 27-33; Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 186-216.
[xxxv] Quadagno, The Color of Welfare, 98.
[ii] Luigi Laurenti, Property Values and Race: Studies in Seven Cities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 184.
[iii] Angora Civic Association (ACA), “To Residents of This Section of West Phila.,” March 1955, Fellowship Commission (FC) collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, Temple University Urban Archives (TUUA).
[iv] ACA, “Do you like your home?,” November 18, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[v] ACA, “Help!! Help!!,” May 19, 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[vi] West Philadelphia Fellowship Commission, “Angora Civic Association Meeting,” May 19, 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[vii] Mary Constantine, “Memo re: Angora Civic Association,” [n.d., ca. 1954], FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[viii] Mary Constantine, “Memo re: Angora Civic Association.”
[ix] Angora Civic Association, “Help!! Help!!”
[x] James Wolfinger, Philadelphia Divided: Race & Politics in the City of Brotherly Love (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 170-1.
[xi] Ibid., 188.
[xii] West Philadelphia Fellowship Commission, “Angora Civic Association,” November 18, 1954, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
[xiii] Freund, Colored Property, 337.
[xiv] Daniel Martinez HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 20-21.
[xv] Ibid.
[xvi] Ibid.
[xvii] On the practices of blockbusting real estate agents, see Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis, 194-197.
[xviii] “Go West Young Man,” The Philadelphia Tribune, September 9, 1952; “Race Realty” and “West Phila. Specials,” The Philadelphia Tribune, July 5, 1952.
[xix] Historians of blockbusting note that brokers who accelerated racial change were cast as scapegoats of the “legitimate” real estate industry, but could not have functioned with the industry’s commitment to maintaining segregated housing markets. On blockbusting, see W. Edward Orser, Blockbusting in Baltimore: The Edmondson Village Story (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1994); Kevin Fox Gotham, Race, Real Estate, and Uneven Development: The Kansas City Experience, 1900-2000 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), 91-119; Satter, Family Properties, 111-116.
[xx] “Let’s All Pull Together,” November 8, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA. On the Fellowship Commission and CHR’s attempts to reach out to the homeowner groups, see Dennis Clark, memo to Maurice Fagan, December 16, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA; Anna McGarry, letter to Mary Constantine, November 30, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA; Rev. Donald Ottinger, letter to Arthur Cooper, November 1, 1954, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA.
[xxi] Fellowship Commission, Committee on Community Tensions meeting minutes, January 12, 1955, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Philadelphia branch (NAACP) collection, URB 6, box 4, folder 104, TUUA; Fagan, letter to Nicholas Petrella, February 2, 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 37, TUUA.
[xxii] On this effort, see CHR, “What to Do Kits: A program for leaders in changing neighborhoods,” 1958, CHR collection, Box A-620, folder 148.4, PCA. On the CHR’s failed neighborhood stabilization plan, see Countryman, Up South, 71-75.
[xxiii] Fellowship Commission, Report to the Community, October 1952, FC collection, Acc 626, box 53, folder 9, TUUA; Fellowship Commission, Report to the Community, May 1953, FC collection, Acc 626, box 53, folder 10, TUUA.
[xxiv] “Tensions Committee Notes Rise in Biased Groups,” Fellowship Commission, Report to the Community, January 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 53, folder 12, TUUA.
[xxv] Fellowship Commission, Report to the Community, February 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 53, folder 12, TUUA.
[xxvi] Countryman, Up South, 92-95.
[xxvii] Satter, Family Properties, 136-141.
[xxviii] Wolfinger, Philadelphia Divided, 7.
[xxix] Thomas Edsall and Mary Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), 139.
[xxx] Self, American Babylon, 168.
[xxxi] Phil Ethington, “Segregated Diversity: Race-Ethnicity, Space, and Political Fragmentation in Los Angeles County, 1940-1994,” Final Report to the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation (September 13, 2000), 43.
[xxxii] Oliver Williams, et al., Suburban Differences and Metropolitan Policies: A Philadelphia Story (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965), 217-19. Survey cited in Michael Danielson, The Politics of Exclusion (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 28; and Sheryll Cashin, The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class are Undermining the American Dream (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 265
[xxxiii] Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 99.
[xxxiv] George Lipstiz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 27-33; Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 186-216.
[xxxv] Quadagno, The Color of Welfare, 98.
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